Dr. Ruth Langer
The infamous twelfth benediction of the weekday amidah apparently cursed Christians explicitly in its early medieval forms and implicitly in its high European medieval forms. Christians were aware of this and censored the text, most formally and widely from the 1550s on. This all day Beit Midrash session will examine the ways that Jews have interpreted this prayer, paying particular attention to the ways that modern Jews have understood and adapted the text.